21st Century Learners Free Essays

Carol Dweck, in an article entitled â€Å"Who Will the 21st-Century Learners Be? † discusses the characteristics of 21st-century students, their attitude towards learning as well as their hierarchy of values . She based her conclusions on AASL document describing appropriate standards for learners of 21st century. The article points out that nowadays students do not possess features required by AASL, like for instance critical thinking or ability to evaluate themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on 21st Century Learners or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author explains that most of the current learners have â€Å"a fixed mindset†, which means that students believe to have limited intelligence capacity and, after reaching certain point in their development, they simply are not able to develop any more. Dweck claims that learners â€Å"value looking smart over learning† and â€Å"they are not disposed to engage in critical thinking to gain and share knowledge; and they are low on self-accountability and self assessment strategies†.Nevertheless, the author found the solution to that problem and explains that learners with growth mindset- those who think that the intelligence development is possible- could reach the AASSL standards. Moreover, she presents the results of her researches in which she finds that â€Å"students with a growth mindset seek out learning, develop deeper learning strategies, and strive for an honest assessment of their weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and thanks to this their school performance was better that their peers.Professor Dweck believes a growth mindset might be broaden, and to do so, we should praise students for effort put in the process of studying rather than for their intelligence. When they strongly believe that they are so intelligent, they could refuse further learning after making mistakes. They think that â€Å"success means they’re smart, and they conclude difficulty means they are not†.Moreover, we can also teach students the growth mindset what have a contribution to increasing their motivation. Also, familiarizing student with arcana of the work of brain helps them to comprehend the process of learning. Author believes that the successful twenty-first century learner will possess a lot of passion, curiosity and resilience. How to cite 21st Century Learners, Papers

Corporate Responsibility of Enron Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Responsibility of Enron. Answer: Introduction "Many critics of the concept of corporate responsibility have criticized business interests for their lack of ethics throughout their operations." Business ethics is set of rules that tell how business operates, how business decisions are made, how people (employees, competitors, suppliers, stakeholders, shareholders customers) are treated. Ethical business behaviour improves productivity living standards (Crane Matten, 2016). Business ethics is all about doing good things ignoring bad things at work place. Business ethics includes all ethics related issues that come while we conduct business activities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is subset of business ethics. It is companys responsibility towards the environment, in which it operates. Once a person go through the CSR of company, can know the mission responsibility of organisation towards society economy. It takes care of human rights environment protection. It is important to increase competitive advantage to build trust with customers employees (Schmitz Schrader, 2015). It aims to ensure that a company operates its activities in an ethical way. Many compa nies publish their information on their CSR activity on their website. In this assignment ethical issue of Enron is taken. Enron was an American energy, commodities services company. The practices scandal that led to the issue are explained. Impact on shareholders, employees government is also discussed as a result of ethical issue. About Enron Enron was Americas seventh largest corporation. The company was established in 1985, by the merger of Houston natural gas Inter North. Initially Enron started as Pipeline Company, expanded with launching broadband services online website for trading commodities in 1999. It was the largest business online site the company was getting 90% of income from the transactions over Enron online. In 2000 the growth of the company was fast the annual profits reached to $100 billion. The stock price peaked at $90. But in 2001, the companys condition started deteriorating. In the October the company revealed a loss of $618 million. The company become bankrupted on December 2, 2001. It was the biggest case of bankruptcy in US and revealed that its financial condition was sustained by well-planned accounting fraud, known as Enron scandal. Around 5600 employees lost their job. The company ended its bankruptcy in Nov, 2004. Accounting practices scandal Accounting scandals arises from manipulation of financial statements. Accounting practices are intention manipulation of accounting records in order to make a companys financial condition better. They always have adverse effect on the business. Accounting policies are implemented by accounting practices. These are illegal activities include misusing funds, understating expenses, overstating revenue, under recording liabilities, misappropriation of assets not taking book keeping seriously enough (Hong V?n, 2014). Mark to market accounting and special purpose vehicle are some techniques used to conduct such illegal activities. In the mark to market accounting, assets liabilities are valued at current price instead of book value. At the end of financial year, business estimates how much the assets worth is. Special purpose vehicle is subsidiary of company protects even when the parental company goes bankrupt. Financial gain is the aim of such scandals practices. It includes involve ment of employees, financial advisor or the organisation itself to mislead investors shareholders. When an organisation practices such activities then that is charged to loss of reputation, civil criminal penalties and loss of human capital (Qi-he, 2013). Enron its accounting firm Arthur Andersen were involved in the financial scandal, that is known as Enron scandal revealed at the end of 2001. The chief financial officer Andrew Fastow tried to fake the record of company, made it look like the company was growing with huge profits and made the future value accounting. Future value accounting was used to predict the future of Enron that the company was going to make in future was considered to be the part of profits of shareholders. As a result, people started to take interest in company started buying the shares. In 1990 the company hired Jeffrey Skilling to a new division Enron finance corp. He involved practices such as, mark to market accounting and special purpose vehicles to hide huge debt assets from investors. Special purpose vehicle (SPVs) is a subsidiary company that makes its obligation protected even when the parent company goes bankrupt. The purpose of this practice was to mislead financial statements rather than operating results. The company used SPVs to reduce risks hide debt to make companys financial statements look better. As the scandal progressed, share prices of Enron decreased from $90.56 to just $1. The company believed that its stock price will keep on increasing but it declined. The value of SPVs also declined and then the guarantees were forced to play. So, the company disclosed financial statements and balance sheets of the company. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission initiated an investigation the rivalry player Dynergy gave an offer to purchase the company (Nascimento, 2014). The deal failed on December 2, 2001 because the price offered was very low. Enron filed for bankruptcy under U.S. Bankruptcy Code. It was the largest bankruptcy case in the U.S. history. Andrew Fastow many other executives of company were charged for different allegations, some were punished sent to prison. Andrew Fastow was the main defaulter of Enron scandal along with the Arthur Andersen who was Enrons auditor, oversaw the matter. Arthur Andersen was pressurised to ignore the issue. Arthur Andersen was charged guilty of destroying documents by the U.S. District Court. The company lost the majority of clients, employees shareholders received limited returns even though losing pension funds and life time savings. Effect on Stakeholders Stakeholders are the key persons of the executive of management. They have stake in the company. Stakeholders are the persons who have interest in the company (Rowley, 2017). They can be employees, stockholders, customers, local community, government and regulatory agencies. Basically there are two types of stakeholders- internal external stakeholders. Internal shareholders are the members of the organisation. Managers, directors, employees shareholders are part of it. External stakeholders have direct interest involvement in the action of organisation. There are dormant stakeholders also in the company. They are the persons who have nothing to do with company, but have share from long time and they have right in profits. These dormant stakeholders are similar to silent partners in the business. The first important stakeholder is shareholders. Owners of the business invested the money believing on the false financial statements. Companys financial statements were not clear to shar eholders. They did not only lose money on stock investment, also put money into the Enron retirement plan with full confidence. Investors lost 60 billion dollars within a few days. Enron holdings became worthless when the company declared bankrupt. Bankrupt of company affected people badly. Shareholders who purchased shares between September 1997 December 2001 were eligible for a pay-out. But when the company went bankrupt, no one was eligible for pay-out. The persons, who bought common stock, received an average of $6.79 per share. Employees struggled to meet their ends. Those who were working from years lost their job in a movement plus the rewards which were pending. Employees invested their money in Enron shares, expecting higher prices in future. The price of share was $90.75 but after the bankruptcy the price of share falls down to $0.67. They did not only lose the job, they lose health care, life savings also the old age security (Schermer Pinxten, 2014). The only mistake that employees committed was being loyal to their company wanting their own share return in future. Employees had faith in companys growth increasing shares of prices (Snellman, 2015). Most of the employees were given just thirty minutes to empty desk and leave the company. Most of the employees used to take part in Enron 401 k plan, absolutely got nothing. They move to their old farmhouse. Employees give up their income to think company will resolve the matter soon (Petit, 2014). Companys auditor Arthur Andersen lost its accreditat ion. The board of directors were also not attentive to companys book of accounts created by Enron. Directors did not paid attention to employees because they dont consider any responsibility towards employees. They found themselves representatives of shareholders only (Turner, 2015). This thing affected greatly the long term value of the shareholders investment. Workers did not even receive any notice of lock down, they could not even sell the stock. A worker of the company wanted to sell the shares, but told that they had been locked out. In 2004, employees of Enron won a suit case of $85 million from their pension fund. By this agreement, an employee received almost $3100 (Preuss, 2013). In the next year shareholders received a wholesome amount of $4.2 billion from banks. In 2008, shareholders amount reached to $7.2 billion from $40 billion lawsuit. The government set out the regulations need of the business to do well to keep the economy healthy (Trevino Nelson, 2016). The interest of citizens destroyed in American economic system. They had to face certain economic challenges. Inflation began to rise it was hard for them to survive. The livelihood of many individuals affected in the society. It cost the economy by raising the cost of goods services. Andersens firm was considered with no intention of providing financial services. Legal obligations From the above incident government announced that high level management employees will be held responsible for the workings of the company (McMillan, 2017). This incident changed the relationship between American corporations the American public. One post Enron plan was also announced by the president. This plan was to make financial statements more clear representative by the management. This plan also included high level of corporate social responsibility also financial responsibility for accountants, CEOs auditors (Muller, 2014). The aim of government was to take strict action but not to put pressure on honest accountants of the economy. When federal state laws deal with fraud other practices, then they dont follow ABA model rules rather they adopt culpable reckless conduct. Culpable reckless conduct deals according to the situation stands for criminal acts. Minimum requirements of culpability are defined in section 305 that is limitations on scope of culpability requiremen ts. Under federal securities, there are criminal liability civil liability which could alter the situation while investigation. Conclusion The practices done by Andrew Fastow, Jeffrey Skilling and Arthur Andersen once gave them financial gain. But ultimately these manipulative practices led to the failure of organisation. Bankruptcy of organisation shook the entire system. Not only financial advisor auditor, bankers also contribute to the downfall of Enron. Financial statements profits were over shown by the organisation, which helped organisation to gain customers interest attracted many investors. But bankruptcy of organisation could not give the return expected by them. The employees lost their job retirement savings affected badly. References Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Hong V?n, T., 2014.Accounting Ethics And Its Important Role For Reduction Of Accounting Fraud: An Empirical Study In Hanoi (Doctoral dissertation). McMillan, C., 2017.Exploring the Strategic Business Processes Senior Leadership use to Enable Successful Ethical Practice within Their Organization(Doctoral dissertation, Colorado Technical University). Muller, A., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Nascimento, A., 2014. Ethics and Social Responsability-An agenda for interdisciplinary and international research on borderless net business ethics.Revista de EDUCAO do Cogeime,17(32/33), pp.235-244.law Petit, E., 2014. The Ethics of Care and Pro-Environmental Behavior.REVUE D ECONOMIE POLITIQUE,124(2), pp.243-267. Preuss, L., 2013. Corporate social responsibility. InEncyclopedia of corporate social responsibility(pp. 579-587). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Qi-he, H.U.A., 2013. Climate Responsibility: What Responsibility.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition),3, p.021. Rowley, T.J., 2017. The Power of and in Stakeholder Networks. InStakeholder Management(pp. 101-122). Emerald Publishing Limited. Schermer, M. and Pinxten, W. eds., 2014.Ethics, health policy and (anti-) aging: mixed blessings(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Schmitz, J. and Schrader, J., 2015. Corporate social responsibility: A microeconomic review of the literature.Journal of Economic Surveys,29(1), pp.27-45. Snellman, C.L., 2015. Ethics ManagEMEnt: how to achiEvE Ethical organizations and ManagEMEnt?.Business, Management and Education,13(2), p.336. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Turner, O.D., 2015.Outsourcing decision making: A case study of a small marketing company's decision to outsource(Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix).

Research Its Significance to Nursing Practice free essay sample

Its Significance to Nursing Practice I guess the greatest reason (I could think) why we are studying Research today is that someday as a Nursing Practitioner we are not only going to stare at the walls of our hospitals and scratch the bottom of our multi-colored (red, blue, black and green) pen in our heads whenever there are significant problems happening around our future working environment, those problems that are causing bad effects to our profession and to the kind of care we will be giving our future clients.Personally, I think I could be more confident someday if I become one of those practitioners who can start a research project for my institution or for the society. Not that I will be a wonder woman who can actually answer (through researching) all the problems my future hospital will have to ask, but knowing within myself that I have a certain way and capability to look for a solution whenever a problem may arise in my institution, makes me feel confident and honored. We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Its Significance to Nursing Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can be confident that I could be a part of something small (but helpful) for my society. It’s amazing that our health care are improving and innovating because there are someone and somebody who are spontaneously studying what could bring good and bad effects in our plan of care as nurses. Imagine the lives of our ancestors in 1950s; imagine what kind of education our Nurses during those moments are trying to put on their heads? Researching is the formal and systematic way to prove our intervention is effective. If people like Nightingale (and other researchers whom I can’t retain in my head) didn’t research the way they do, maybe by now we are just under the corner of our nursing station talking our way to sanity of what task should be done. Should we do this, should we do that or shouldn’t we? Although some nursing intervention can be easily rationalized through common senses and critical thinking skills, researches helps us improve our obligation for a better kind of care.Why should we scrub our hands like this? And why babies who are breastfed have more advantage than those babies who are not? Strong evidences from rigorous studies are things that guide us nurses and future nursing practitioner to decide and act rationally. We need to specify our nursing actions and decisions on evidence and supports so that we will know that our actions are clinically appropriate, and that it is effective, and that it will give positive outcome for our clients. Now I know that ation alizations from the content of procedures found in our lecture and return demonstration are published for a reason and that is not just written, it has basis. We could always hear that our school givse high-quality kind of education for its students, well that’s what researching can be about. It is a non-stop and spontaneous study of how to improve care inside and outside the hospital, to reach a high-quality level of care to individuals, family and community. The primary reason for conducting nursing research is to foster optimum care or clients.

Masters Thesis

Masters Thesis Before writing a thesis/dissertation you will have to trash over a great number of materials for your research. You should start your work with a thinking stage during which you take your time to debate different ideas for your future research project in your mind. Educational institutions throughout the world are generally using words ‘thesis’ and ‘dissertation’ interchangeably. However, an educational tradition in some countries has firmly fixed the use of these terms. For instance, colleges and universities within the US use the term ‘thesis’ to denote a final project done at bachelor’s and/or master’s level, while the term ‘dissertation’ is used to signify a Ph.D.  level research project. Master’s Thesis: General Tips Writing a master’s thesis and its subsequent defense at viva voce is a mandatory requirement for obtaining master’s degree at the majority of degree awarding institutions. By completing your master’s thesis you are required to gain mastery in the chosen subfield and demonstrate your knowledge and competence in it. Working on a project of such scale is by no means an easy task. Many researchers agree that writing a masters’ thesis is more difficult than PhD because a student attempts to become an expert in a field which she or he hasn’t dealt with previously. They argue that work on a PhD is normally done by a researcher who already possesses expert-level knowledge in the field, is aware of the most recent research and is actively involved in the research process within this field. The main purpose of PhD-level writing is making a unique contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Master’s thesis doesn’t demand unique research; howe ver, its successful completion will require its author to demonstrate mastery within a given topic.   While working on a thesis one will need to cover a considerable number of resources (books, journals, periodicals, sites, databases etc), analyze them carefully, pick out the ones that are most relevant to the topic, and write, write, write. A WINNING THESIS PAPER Writing a master’s thesis might seem a daunting task because of the scale of work and the amount of research that has to be done. When you take another look at it and try to break the writing process into smaller assignments, it won’t appear intimidating anymore. To better organize the process and facilitate a  better understanding of the goals and tasks of master thesis writing, let’s take a closer look at the steps one has to take while working on the project. Masters Thesis: Selecting a Topic Selecting a topic for your master’s thesis lays the foundation of the entire project. The choice of the topic for their masters’ theses is generally left to students. As a result, topic selection becomes the first challenge in the course of writing. It is always a difficult task to achieve because students are new to the topic, have little knowledge on the subject and can easily make a mistake. Choosing a topic that is too general, for example, is one of the common mistakes. Another pitfall is selecting a topic that has not yet been researched. Despite all these academic traps, the general recommendation remains invariable: students need to choose topics they feel most interested in. As it has been previously said, writing a master’s thesis is a lengthy and a difficult process, and only your interest in the topic, as well as your academic curiosity and enthusiasm, will give you the energy to complete the project. Masters Thesis: Finding an Advisor Once the topic is chosen and before the actual writing, students are required to find a research advisor who would direct the writing process and work together with the student to strengthen the paper. Many institutions require their students to draft a plan of their thesis with a brief explanation of the issues that will be researched, abstract, bibliography and outline. Research advisors for master’s level these are usually PhD holders in their respective fields and they know immediately whether the topic is too broad or too narrow and will be able to break down the entire project into smaller bits. You will be required to see your advisor three-four times during the time you work on the paper. This is generally to discuss the thesis topic and then to review your first, second and third draft. Depending on the institution, the topic for your thesis may be approved by either your advisor personally or by the board of advisors. In case the topic gets approved by your advisor only, this is an easier case. Simply work on the topic together with him/her, and once it has been approved, proceed to research. If, however, you master’s thesis needs to be reviewed by the advisory board, you will be required to come up with a research proposal – a short extract of your future thesis. It will contain most of the sections of your actual thesis, and will briefly explain the editorial team what you are going to do your research. Once you submit the research proposal and it gets approved, you are free to proceed with further research. If the research proposal is found to be irrelevant or inadequate, the student will be required to start over: pick a new topic and come up with a new research proposal. This is normally a rare case because research advisors immediately spot topi cs that will not pass. Working on a Master’s Thesis: Structure Masters’ theses vary in structure depending on the field of study: a thesis in Arts, Economics, and Mathematics will be different. However, generally world institutions require the thesis to take five chapters. The first chapter is the thesis introduction, where the research topic and methodology are explained; the second chapter is a  review of the  literature, containing the  analysis of the literature on a given problem. The third chapter is the methodology section of the master’s thesis, explaining the methods utilized, data collected and approaches used. The ‘findings’ section is another major part of the paper presenting the reader with the results of the research. The fifth chapter of the master’s thesis should interpret the search findings and discuss them within the framework of the lit review. The final section of the paper is the conclusion, summing up the research and stating whether results have proven the hypothesis. Thesis Examination Many institutions require candidates to go through the so-called ‘thesis defense’, where students are required to present results of their research to an examining committee, consisting of senior scholars who are experts in the field. This examination, often called â€Å"viva voce† is generally done after the thesis has been completed, but before it gets submitted to the university. The committee reviews it and then makes a decision if the thesis is written at a decent academic quality level. There are four possible ‘verdicts’ a committee can come to:   Accepted without any corrections. This is rarely the case, as most theses will need a revision or a minor tuning;   Must be revised. In this case, the thesis is found to contain grammar and spelling errors that require correction. Most theses fall into this category;   Extensive revision needed. The thesis contains a series of other mistakes, including issues with methodology, literature, and some theoretical concepts;   Unacceptable. This is rarely the case in practice because academic advisors spot theses of unacceptable quality and failing a thesis at a viva voce will put his/her reputation at risk. Generally, writing a master’s thesis is a lengthy and a complicated process that requires patience, persistence, and practice. Should you need professional assistance with writing your master’s thesis, is a writing company that is your perfect choice. All our writers have at least one master’s thesis they have written and defended for getting their own degree; and at least 4-5 more that were completed for our customers. Some of them specialize in thesis writing and take only masters’ theses. THESIS STATEMENT Whenever you are using the help of our writers, you are receiving support from world class professionals, capable of crafting an effective master’s thesis to match your needs. We can be of assistance if you have completed the thesis yourself and need a major revision, proofreading service or a rewrite. It is always good for a thesis to be read by someone else, not just the author. In any case, we have the expertise required to ace your masters’ thesis. Please visit our order page or contact our support team for additional information. is the service you can trust!

Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project - Research Paper Example Boxall and Purcell portend that in addition to industrial relations, human relations includes other human resource aspects such as employee development, employee remuneration and employee safety among others. This makes industrial relations a crucial aspect of management for the current managers. This is because it recognises the importance of human relations in the current business environment. The book asserts that human resource management came into existence due to the impact of the situational variables. These variables led to alteration of the management principles that guided employee behaviour. The universal outlook of dealing with employees had to be abandoned in favour of recognition of the workforce as an asset of any organisation, dynamic in thought and functioning. The changes in the political, socio-economic and technological environment has led to the rise in the management challenges related to globalisation, quality evolution, diversity management, employee ,empowerment and corporate reorganisation. The paper asserts that the impact of the challenges depends on the mode in which the management handles financial resources, machines and workforce. The paper addresses the need for the organisational managers to develop organisational strategies that utilises and develops the human resources in the improvement of the business activities. The proposed strategy guides on the impacts of employee welfare with emphasis on the importance of providing greater opportunities for knowledge sharing and learning as the pillars of motivation. This delineates the traditional aspects of human resource management to the current ones. The findings of Kersley et al survey affirm that human resource management functions deals with the management of people. It includes all the practices that enable proper utilisation of the human personnel in various stages of the employment cycle

A thesis for a 5 page paper Analyzing and comparing the mise en scene

A for a 5 page paper Analyzing and comparing the mise en scene of David O'Russel's three kings to Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan - Thesis Example The battle scenes pictured using a variety of unorthodox and experimental cinematic techniques were highly praised by top critics not only at the time the movies were released but are still appreciated due to their realism of the fights. Also it is obvious that both movies aim to portray history and toxic waste of the wars in a first class manner as the sequence and details of the two wars as shown in the movies happen to be closely connected to the real historical details. Mise-en-scene is one of the cinematic techniques among others noted most by the viewers. Both Three Kings and Saving Private Ryan include a collection of good mise-en-scenes quite effective to ground the themes of these movies. The theme of Saving Private Ryan is related to exploring the intensity and severity of WWII and one of the mise-en-scenes in it in which Private Daniel Jackson is shown amidst a battle ready to shot his rifle works quite effectively to support the theme. The expression on Jackson’s face immediately captures the attention of the viewers as it is one strongly indicative of vengeance, severity, and passionate intensity which are also the elements of WWII. Similarly, the dominant and camera proxemics features in the mise-en-scene from Three Kings in which a Republican Guard soldier is shown aiming his rocket launcher work well to strengthen the theme of this movie. The first thing one is drawn to is the soldier’s expression and then how the camera i s set extremely close up to his face and weapon as a way of highlighting every little detail on his face and weapon etc. It is obvious after watching both movies that both Russell and Spielberg intended to present the ugly and toxic details of the Gulf War and WWII in a close connection with the real historical accounts of the two battles. Another worth mentioning point is that both directors made

Online Examination Management System

Online Examination Management System Online Examination Management System CHAPTER- 1: Introduction 1.1 Topic of the system Now a day, the use of information technology in educational institutes and private organization is very common. In educational institutes you will find presentation software, course websites, Intranet facility and online homework assignments and the automation of organization have been found very commonly with the rapid development in information technology. Now a day, in organization due to automation all the works is done by computers. It makes work easier, faster reliable as compare to the previous way of working. Information technology is growing day by day still we fail to provide proper IT assistance to education industry. At the time of Exam, Still we follow the same old method of collecting questions from different teachers , then arranging them in proper order and then setting up a questionnaire and even at the places where we are following online or automated examination system we are not able to prevent the drawback of same or repeated question paper. The system which developer is going to propose is an â€Å"Online Examination Management System†. This system is used to solve many problems faced by education organization or any other organization (who are conducting an exam for any purpose). This system is used to conduct objective based/multiple choice based online exam; it will also generate the question paper for an online exam and written exam (which is a common method of conducting an exam). It will generate random question in online exam for each candidate, it will also assess online exam generate a result for the candidate at the same time after completing an exam. This system will generate all the required report to keep the record in files. 1.2 Purpose of the Situation As the Information technology is growing day by day still we fail to provide proper IT assistance to education industry. Still we follow the same old method of collecting questions from different teachers, then arranging them in proper order and then setting up a questionnaire and even at the places where we are following online or automated examination system we are not able to prevent the drawback of same or repeated question paper. With the help of proposed system user can solve all the problems and make work easier, faster, and reliable. 1.3 Target Reader The main target readers of the proposed system are stake holder of educational or other institute/organization, who conducts exams for admission purpose, exam preparations or jobs. Candidates those are willing to appear in exams for any purpose like admission, preparation etc. 1.4 Topic Background Online Examination Management System is a system which is used by any educational institute or any organization who are conducting exam for job or any other purpose. This system will help them to conduct an online exam. This system is used to conduct an aptitude paper for admission or job purpose and it will also help to generate a question paper for educational institute. The most important feature of proposed system is that this system is not only a web based application it is a combination of web-based and stand alone application. So that user can take the benefit of proposed system in any situation. User never depends on the net connectivity for his work user can do his work with the help of standalone module. Proposed system will help to keep the record of students/candidates who are willing to give exams. It will also store the records of members of the institute/organization. It will store all the data related to examination like Question, Exams Detail, and Exam Schedule etc. Proposed system will also help to conduct an online exam so that user can take exam at any time and candidate can also participate in exam from any part of this world. Online exam consist mainly two type of question multiple choice and multiple response. At the time of online exam random question will generate for exam so that no one candidate will get the same question at the same time if questions are available in database. Proposed system will also help to assess paper at the same time after the completion of exam. This will also help to generate a question for free format question which is very commonly used in any educational institute. This can only assess by the examination authorities. Another important thing in proposed system is that it can save data at real time if any problem will take place it store all the data at the same time, so that there is no lose of data. 1.5 Problem Context and Rational Tangible benefit The use of â€Å"Online Examination Management System† will also help in institute organization to achieve many objectives. They are†¦. 1. Frequently you can assess student learning: With the help of online exam you can take exam any time to check the learning of the candidate. 2. Elimination of grading requirement and cost:- All the things will done with the help of computer like taking an exam of the candidate, generating a question paper for online exam written paper, assessment of online exam paper generating the result of candidate. So that there is a less requirement of manpower time. So that it will reduce the cost requirement to take an exam. 3. Immediate feedback of student performance: With the help of this system you can give feedback to the student at the same time because paper of online exam will assess at the same time by the system. So that there is no need to wait the candidate for there result. 4. Elimination of paper copying cost: Online exam will help to eliminate the requirement of paper work. With the help of this system all the work will done with the help of computers so that, it will reduce usage of paper. Certain statistic quote that 18% of corporate printed material becomes outdated after 30 days. Imagine that what happened after a year what. Now, imagine if that material were always online or on your system. So that there is no requirement of buying the paper for paper work it will also reduce storage problem for storing bundles of paper. 5. It will help to save time: This system will help to save the time of the people who are involved in exam. Already question where stored in database of the system. No need to set the paper many days before the exam you can generate the paper at the same time of exam. There is no need to check the paper. All the paper will be checked with the help of system. There is no need to wait for result candidate can see result after completing the exam. Intangible benefit 1. Access is possible from any where: You can give an exam from any centre in the world there is no restriction of borders to give an exam. 2. It gives more security as compare to present system: -If you come to know that exam paper is hacked so that you can change the paper at the same time. But we are generating random question so there is no use of hacking the paper. 3. It will make work consistence: With the help of this software you can assure that your exam paper or result will not be modified by any person without your permission. There is no chance of paper leak. If you come know that exam paper is hacked then you can change the paper at the same time. Then there is no partiality in checking of paper the entire candidate will get marks according to their caliber. This will help to generate a randomly question in question paper. So that each candidate will get different paper in the same exam, so there is no chance of cheating. 1.6 Objective of the System In the proposed system â€Å"ONLINE EXAMINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM†, people will find solutions for all their queries and loopholes in the existing exam assessment methodology. The system which developer is going to develop will help in institutes organizations to take an exam, for admission in colleges for placement in companies. This system will work on both side client side as well as server side. It means its a combination of web application stand alone application. So that with the help of this system people can take online exam with the help of web technology with the help of standalone application you can save questions any time there is no need of internet connection. This system will help to take an online exam so that candidate can access the exam from any one of the exam centre in the world. This system will help them to store the question in database of the system for exam. This system will help to generate the question paper from the database with the different level of difficulties grades. Now if you want to take a written paper of the candidates then this system will generate the question paper for return paper also. The questions for written exam are randomly generated so that there is very less chance to repeat the question in the question paper. It will happen only if there is less amount of question in database. This system will help them to assess the exam paper of the online exam. This system will automatically generate the result of the exam. You can export a question paper in â€Å".doc† format for written paper. 1.7 Functionality of the System Modules of the system Candidate/Student Information: This module will help to keep the record of the entire candidate of exam.Teacher Information: This module is used to keep the record of the entire faculties in institute.Generate Question Bank: This module will help to insert the question in the database.Generate Question Paper: This module will help to generate the question paper which includes all types wattage of question for the candidate. It will export the paper in â€Å".doc† format for written exam.Online Examination: This module is used to take an online exam.Reports: This module will help to generate all the reports. 1.8 Deliverables of the system v Creating data bank 1. Question can be categorized according to topic, types etc. 2. Exam can be created random basis per student. 3. System can automatically add the marks allocated in each question to determine the total mark for the exam. v Control Mechanism in the Exam 1. Time limit can be set for the exam. 2. The sequence of question can be randomized. 3. Student can navigate within a exam (i.e. backward forward) can be set navigation tool/button can be selected for a exam these button can be switched. 4. Student can be allowed to exit the exam before completing the entire question. 5. A specific date for a exam to be active can be set. v Question Types Multiple Choices: This allows the user to select one correct answer.Multiple Responses: This allows the users to select more than one answer.Free Format: This type of question will used to take a written exam of the student which is very often used by educational institute to conduct an exam. v Other Essential Requirements Negative marking should be possible in all the question types.Remaining time can be displayed.Free format question can be saved in Data Bank.A paper for written exam can be generated with the help system Data Bank.Answer can be saved at real time. v Security Only registered student are able to access the exam.Exam can be made available on special dates. v Reporting The following results on the exam performance can be obtained. Student number, name mark in word format.Average time used by the studentTime taken for each individual student to complete the test. CHAPTER- 2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Introduction to problem area Isnt it an irony that the agent which is solely responsible for the development of these technologies, itself has not been served fully? Examination is one such component of educational system which has always held a very high importance. Since time immemorial examinations are held to separate the best out of rest. The formal examination system is a very long procedure to conduct an examination. From the respect of the recruiter, they should give extra effort on the examination to select employees for the organization. This is a huge responsibility and extra load to the recruiter to conduct an examination. This is very costly and extremely tedious to conduct an examination. Side by side online examination is a very sophisticated examination conducting system. Nowadays, almost all of the organizations or companies are using computerized system to manage their organizations data. At the same time most of the universities or campuses are using computerized system for storing and managin g their education data excluded the examination data (exam question, exam answer and so on). Therefore, lecturers have to create new exam papers manually, it will bring a lot of troublesome while they want to retrieve back previous exam question or answer for references purpose. In this process, still a lot of messy work is involved such as manually clicking or searching the old set of questions. Even they have a common hardcopy or softcopy without systemisation. Furthermore, the admin is always busy in arranging the exam papers and headache of managing a flexible exam time schedule. Also without the computerized system, the examinee cheating issue and the security issue (sneaked out the exam paper before the exam) cannot be controlled well.Internet connectivity often gets lost which is another problem being faced by the examinees. Nature of challenge The main challenge in developing this system will be to understand the concepts and fundamentals behind managing examinations online. As I am not one of the administrative staff it will be quite an uphill task to get to the basic functionalities of this system. The main challenge that would be required for building this system is that it will generate the random question paper to each student so as to avoid cheating. It would evaluate the answers very instantly. It would have a time limitation for each and every section of the questions and would be ideal for the competitive exams like GRE, CAT etc. The notification of results would be sent to the candidate by email or text message. The generation of admit card is another challenge which would require a lot of effort as a huge crowd would be attempting the exam. We can also save the current exam and would rather provide facilities to both the examiner and students. Another serious challenge is to handle the power failure. It is requi red to for me to learn how to generate the questions papers and the admit cards randomly. I also need to learn how to handle the power failure and the advanced features of ASP.NET which includes the report generation, session management and all the security features that needs to be incorporated in the system so as the system may be hack proof. I need to learn how to generate different sets of questions from a set of questions. Maintaining the database is another challenge which needs a lot of efforts. CHAPTER- 3: PROJECT PLANNING Development Plan The Development Plan is the essential part as it provides the action plan for developing the â€Å"Online Examination Management System†. The development plan will show what will be done and in what time. Since the methodology selected is RUP methodology, the development plan is developed by concerning the stages of RUP methodology. Project Duration: 30 weeks 1. Inception phase (Estimated Time =41 Days) 1.1 Iteration 1: [Task: Pre-proposal and planning] (Duration: 25 Days) 1.1.1 Project Identification 1.1.2 PPF discussion with supervisor 1.1.3 Preparation of PPF 1.1.4 Online submission of PPF 1.1.5 Finalization of project title 1.2 Iteration 2: [Task: Development Plan] (Duration: 17 Days) 2.1.1 Specification research of the project 2.1.2 Identification of project module 2.1.3 Limitation of project scope 2.1.4 Identification of resources 2.1.5 Identification of required techniques to be learned 2.1.6 Methodology used 2.1.7 Preparation of development plan 2.1.8 Preparation of test plan 2.1.9 Submission of PSF 2.1.10 Gantt chart 2. Elaboration Phase (Estimated Time= 67 Days) 2.1 Iteration 1: [Tasks: System Investigation and Research] (Duration :14 Days) 2.1.1 Collect user requirements 2.1.1.1 Primary research 2.1.2.1.1 Questionnaire 2.1.2.1.2 Interviews 2.1.2.1.3 Observation 2.1.2 Research on the functional areas of the system 2.1.3 Identification of modules 2.2 Iteration 2: [Tasks: System Analysis] (Duration: 41 Days) 2.2.1 Analysis of user requirements 2.2.2 UML diagrams 2.2.3 Screen design 2.2.4 Database design 2.2.5 Evaluation of the screen and database design 2.3 Iteration 3: [Tasks: Technical language learning and research] (Duration: 12 Days) 2.3.1 Secondary research 2.3.2 Finalization of language 2.3.3 Finalization of development methodology 2.3.4 Learn technical skills 3. Construction Phase (Estimated Time= 58 Days) 3.1 Iteration 1: [Tasks: Interface Design and Database Design] (Duration: 26 Days) 3.1.1 Database Design 3.1.2 Prototype design 3.1.3 Documentation of the system 3.2 Iteration 2: [Tasks: System Modules] (Duration: 32 Days) 3.2.1 Analysis of the system 3.2.2 Identification of modules 3.2.3 Implementation of modules 3.2.4 Documentation of modules 4. Transition Phase (Estimated Time= 45 Days) 4.1 Iteration 1: [Tasks: Testing] (Duration: 27 Days) 4.1.1 Integration of all the modules 4.1.2 Preparation of test plan 4.1.3 Finding the target users 4.1.4 Testing and debugging the entire system 4.2 Iteration 2: [Tasks: Documentation] (Duration: 15 Days) 4.2.1 Completion of system documentation 4.3 Iteration 3: [Tasks: Luck Iteration] (Duration: 3 Days) 4.3.1 Finishing tips CHAPTER- 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Domain Research 3.1.1 Online Examination As a change in model world all the things are going to be automated know a day all work done with the help of computer. Which makes our work more easy, fast (time consuming) reliable. Same in education field also examination is also will taken with the help of computer it means the process of online examination will help the education institute to take an exam online which can help them to take an exam from anywhere in this world. Online examination is completely objective based exams which assume simple answers that can be formally checked and easily evaluated online. The typical type of questions are 1) one word answer, 2) multiple choice, 3) free format Question in this type of question system need to grade manually by the instructor. System Architecture Online Examination system has four major components. 1) Examination Preparation, 2) Examination System, 3) Examination Monitoring, 4) The Auto Grading System. Examination Preparation This component is used to manage the data bank of the question answer of the question, Assign the test Id, Schedule the test. Data base is opened to the teacher to add the question for the exam. Examination System This component is used to control all the functionality of the system. Like client side Control, Time Control, Security of the system. This component is very important because it used to keep the control on the security time. Examination Monitoring This component is used for real time monitoring which can help to keep the track of exam processing, test ID statistic and collect all the answers. The Auto Grading System This Component is used to grade the exam automatically with the help of this system. All the answer of the exam is graded with the help of this system automatically. Component of Online Examination It is a multi-layer system composite of Web Server, Database Server and Middleware Server, Such as Internet browser. In this developer using Microsoft .Net Frame Work 2.0 and Internet Information Server (IIS) 6.0 as the Web Server, The Database Server is My SQL. Multi Layer System Middleware Server and the client Module which is designed according to the Microsoft DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model Standard) standard is the kernel of the Examination System. DCOM is the binary objects extension jointing LAN, WAN and Internet, which can instance and bind objects over different network. It is an advanced network protocol used to co-operate with COM based components of two processes in different locations. Server-side component is middle ware of the system which provides communication interface between clients and the web server or database server. Client is a client-side component which is called by the browser to control the client computer and submit or receive information from the server. This technology guarantees the flexibility and the potential for extension of the test system. In addition, it allows access to local files, whereas in conventional systems, the IE security prevents such access. Communication of Client and Server (http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie2003/papers/1300.pdf Retrieved on Aug, 16, 2007) 3.1.2 Exam Assessment Exam Assessment is also known as Auto-Grading System. This will help to assess an exam paper of the exam. It helps teacher to assess the paper which are collected from examination system. There are two type of grading: 1) Objective Question 2) Operational Question. Objective question such as Choice question, True/False etc can be graded efficiently by accurate matching or fuzzy matching. But to grade an Operational question is not an easy task with the help of a simple matching algorithm. To check operational question there are two possible solutions. First way to grade an operational question is reading the answer file directly and comparing it to key file. But it is not practical because of Microsoft office file is very complicated to read the question file and another way to grade the operational question is with the help of office OLE object. This is method is convenient and efficient but it have big disadvantage practically not possible. The source code of the system is closely related to concrete question so it will create problems at the time of question are changed which result large amount of work. (http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie2003/papers/1300.pdf Retrieved on Aug, 16, 2007) and (http://www.iacis.org/iis/2005_IIS/PDFs/Davidrajuh_Tharmalingam.pdf Retrieved on Aug, 7, 2007) So developer decided that the grading of operational questions is not possible because to grade an operational question we have to create complete dictionary which contain thousands of words. 3.1.3 Distributed Computing- As the technology changed many things become easier which make our work more efficient and easy. Distributed computing is also very helpful to do all this work. As we all know the power of computer. What he can do for us to make our work efficient. Know assume all the work is done with the help of single computer; it is also know as regular computing or Grid Computing. But it will work but only if we are doing simple things, if we want to do many complicated work with the help of single computer it makes our work very slow. This is not a good approach to do our work so the better way to do our work. So in this situation distributed computing is very helpful it will do work with help of many computers. It divides its workload very smartly with the help of many computers which are available on network. With the help of distributed computing we can do our work very efficiently and quickly. Regular vs Distributed Computing (http://library.thinkquest.org/C007645/english/0-definition.htm , Retrieved on Aug 19, 2007) The main advantages of distributed computing over traditional supercomputer is its economy, Distributed computing can take full advantage of a computers capabilities by keeping it busy with numbers to calculate. If enough users sign up, these linked computers — often referred to as virtual parallel machines — can improve the fastest supercomputer by as much as four times for a fraction of the supercomputers cost. (http://library.thinkquest.org/C007645/english/images/103-advantages.jpg, Retrieved on Aug, 19, 2007) 3.1.4 Client/Server Architecture 3.1.4.1 2-Tier Architecture 3.1.4.2 3-Tier Architecture 3 tier architecture After the research of Client/Server Architecture developer decided that 3-tier Architecture is the best way to develop the proposed system because proposed system is used by many number of user and it is an examination system, so that it require lots of security from the hacking of question paper which is only possible with the help of 3-tier architecture because all the data will stored on the main server of the system, and user can only interact with the Presentation layer of the system with the help of business logic. As the study of Client/Server Architecture developer come to know that C# and .Net Framework is the best development tool to develop an application in 3-tier architecture. So that developer decided to develop a proposed system in C# and .Net Framework. 3.2 Study of Existing System There are many other examination system are available in market for the users. They are:- 3.2.1 Online Examination System (OnEx) This examination system is developed by Knowgence Technologies Pvt. Ltd. This system also provided many features like. Administrator will assign exam to users.Ease of creation and modifying exam at any time.Online monitoring of exams showing percentage completed.Student can move from any question to question.Automatic checking against predefined answer (if there is no Subjective question).Automatic disabling of exam when it is completed.Last 10 min alert. And many more. (http://www.knowgence.com/Download/OnExBrochure.pdf, Retrieved on October 18, 2009) 3.2.2 CUE Assessment System This Assessment System is developed by CALM, Department of Mathematics,Heriot-Watt University, this existing system is also used to assessed online examination. The features which are provided in this system are 1. Easy to create and modify the questions. 2. Checking of question and delivering exam. 3. Assessment for online exam accepts free format questions. Varity of questions like multiple choices, multiple responses etc. And many more. (http://www.calm.hw.ac.uk/cue.html, Retrieved on October 18, 2009) Why developer system is better than Existing system? After the study of existing system developer come to know that many features are not available. But proposed system will take care of all the features. 1) No one system is a combination of standalone and web. So that it system is only used when internet is available. 2) No one system has the entire feature like online exam, exam assessment and paper generator. 3) Generating a question in an exam with random order so that no one student/candidate will get same question in an exam if question are available in a database. 4) Data will be saved at real time if any problem will occur so that data will store at the same time. It will help to reduce the chance of data lose. 5) Generating a paper for written exam which is very helpful for education institute like school and colleges that are very often used. As the above features are not available in one complete system so that developer decided to provide this entire feature in proposed system. CHAPTER-4: SECONDARY RESEARCH 4.1 Academic Research 4.1.1 Process Models Process model defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer for developing the software. These process models are not perfect, but they do provide a useful road map for software engineering work. Software engineer and there managers adapt a process model and then they follow it. In addition the people who have requested the software have a role to play as the process model is followed. Process model is important in the project as it provides the stability, control, and organization to an activity. There are many Process Models like waterfall model, spiral model, etc. A project can be made under any model. 4.1.1.1 Waterfall Model The waterfall model is also called as the â€Å"classic life cycle†. It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins with customer specification of requirements and progresses through planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It produces deliverables at each phase like software requirement specification, design documents, actual code and test cases, final product etc. The waterfall model is the oldest paradigm for software engineering. (http://www.digitella.co.uk/brochures/Digitella%20SDLC.pdf , Retrieved on August 9, 2007) Some of the advantages are-: * The single requirements phase encourages specification of what the system is to do before deciding how the system will do. (i.e. specification before design). * The single design phase encourages planning of the system structure before building the components (i.e. design before coding). * The use of the reviews at the end of each phase permits acquirer and user involvement. * Each preceding step serves as an approved, documented baseline for the succeeding step. Some of the disadvantages of waterfall model are-: * Baselines and milestones place heavily emphasis on documentation in the early phases of the project. * Customers must be able to express their requirements completely, correctly, and with clarity. * Delays can occur in designing, coding, and testing. * It is difficult to access the true state of progress during the first two to three stages. * The developer must understand the application from the beginning. * No demonstration of system capabilities can occur until the end of the project. 4.1.1.2 Spiral Model The spiral model is another iterative model that has been proposed. As the name suggests, the activities in this model can be organized like a spiral that has many cycles. A spiral model is divided into a number of framework activities, also called task regions. Typically there are six task regions. 1. The customer communication task to establish effective communication between developer and customer. 2. The planning task to define resources, time lines and other project related information. 3. The risk analysis task to assess both technical and management risks. 4. The en